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Syllabus for Human Anatomy（1）

Course code： creditis: 3.0 time：85

I Purpose and Characteristics of the course

Characteristics：basic curriculum of clinical medicine

Human anatomy is designed for medical students in English. This course is arranged by regional dissection for students to learn and understand the morphology, and position, and functions of human structures. Human anatomy is a pillar course of other basic and clinical medicine

II Targeted students: medical students in English

III Basic requirements of the course

(A) Task of human anatomy

Human anatomy is a discipline of morphology, which shall be mastered through lectures and experiments and through application of methodology of locality and integration, evolution and development, morphology and function, and theory and practice. In the experiments, the students, under the guidance of the instructor, shall observe, seek, analyze, compare, describe, memorize and summarize the human morphology, so as to systematically master the human anatomy.

(B) Methods and requirements of experiments of human anatomy

As human anatomy is a branch of morphology, for the most time during the experiment classes, the students shall be performed carefully. The students are required:

1. to learn to independently observe samples with the help of the textbook, guidance, pictures and teaching aids(including models and samples);

2. to grasp common names of direction and common terms of human anatomy, to familiarize the description method of human anatomy and the features of various systems;

3. to make good use of teaching aids(including pictures, images, samples and model), to understand literal description in the textbook and to distinguish various structures;

4. to concentrate upon introductions, questions, demonstrations and summaries from the instructor. Not only shall be the material be mastered, but the methodology and the ability of independent observation and analysis shall be developed;

5. to learn to keep active the mentality and to reach the “three actives”.

(1) Active thinking: analyze and think more.

(2) Active practice: observe, draw, record and summarize.

(3) Active asking: read, ask and discuss.

The students shall comply with the rules of laboratory, carefully handle teaching aids (especially samples and models). This is of great importance for smooth conduction of experiments and development of scientific attitude and good study habits.

IV Contents: as following.

Anatomical and Medical terminology

1. Understand the definition, developed overview and the branch of Human Anatomy.

2. Master descriptive anatomical terms.

3. Understand concepts of body type and variation, understand Concepts of deformity.

4. Master the shape, classification and structure of bones.

5. Master the classification and the general structure of bone. Master the chemical composition and physical properties of bones.

6. Master the features of synovial joints

7. Know the terms of movement.

8. Know the blood vessels, anastomoses and collateral circulation.

9. Know the composition of the lymphatic system.

10. Master the compositions and divisions of the spinal nerves.

11. Master the formation of the autonomic nervous system.

12. Know the concepts of the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, preganglionic and postganglionic fibres.

13. Master the position of paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia; the position and formation of the sympathetic trunk.

14. Know the main activities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts.

Lower Limb

1 Master the morphological features of hip, femur, tibia and fibula, know bones of the ankle and foot

2 Master structures and movements of hip joint and knee joint, know ankle joint

3 Anterior aspect of lower limb

(1) superficial fasciae:

Master courses of the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein

Master course and distribution of the saphenous nerve

Master course and distribution of superficial peroneal nerve

Know position, drainage and collection of the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

(2) Deep fasciae(lata fasciae): master formation of lata fasciae: saphenous opening, iliotibial tract, intermuscular septa.

(3) Master anterior and medial muscles of the thigh, master anterior and lateral muscles of the leg, including position and function of muscles. Know the insertion and origin of per muscle.

(4) Understanding the boundary of femoral triangle; master the contents of femoral triangle, master the conceptions of the femoral sheath and femoral ring and femoral canal.

(5) Master the course, branches and distribution of femoral nerve.

(6) Master the course of femoral artery, master the course and branches of deep femoral artery.

(7) Master the boundary of adductor canal and its contents.

(8) Master the anterior tibial artery, deep peroneal nerve, including the course, supply of artery and nerve.

4 posterior aspect of lower limb

(1) Gluteal area:

Master the position and function of gluteus maximus, piriformis, know gluteus medius and minimus.

Master the structures that pass through great sciatic foramen and lesser sciatic foramen.

(2) Posterior area of the thigh

Master the posterior muscles of the thigh, including origin, insertion, innervation and action.

Master sciatic nerve, including the course, branches and distribution.

Master common peroneal nerve, superficial and deep peroneal nerves, including the course, branches and distribution.

(3) Popliteal fossa: understanding the boundary, master contents of popliteal fossa.

(4) Posterior area of leg:

Master posterior muscles of leg, including position and function of muscles. Master the course, major branches and supply of nerve and artery in the posterior compartment of leg.

Upper Limb

1 Master the morphological features of clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius and ulna. Know bones of carpal bones and phalanx

2 Master structures and movements of shoulder joint and elbow joint, know acromioclavicular and wrist joints

3 Anterior area of upper limb

(1) Superficial layer: Master courses of the basilic vein and cephalic vein

Master course and distribution of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and meidal antebrachial cutaneous nerve

(2) Pectoral and Axillary regions

(1) Master pectoral muscle, including positions and functions of the pectoral major and minor, serratus anterior muscles, know their origin and insertion.

(2) Axilla: understanding the boundary of axilla, master nerve and vessel on each wall.

(3) Master axillary artery: including course and major branches of axillary. Know axillary vein.

(4) Know axillary lymph nodes: position and drainage of subgroups.

(5) Master brachial plexus: Master the formation of brachial plexus, master median nerve, long thoracic nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve, ulnar nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, including main course, branches and distribution of each nerve.

(6) Muscles of the shoulder: master deltoid muscle, know other muscles of the shoulder.

(7) Master anterior muscles of arm and anterior forearm, master triceps muscle, including positions and functions of each muscle. Know posterior muscles of anterior forearm.

(8) Understanding the boundary of cubital fossa, master the contents of cubital fossa.

(9) Master branches and course and main branches of brachial artery, radial artery, and ulnar artery.

(10) Master deep palmar arch and superficial palmar arch, Master supplying of median and ulnar nerves in the hand.

Internal organ introduction (Oral and Nasal Cavities)

1 Know the organizational properties of internal organs. Understand regional lines of anterior thoracic and abdominal wall. Master the formation of superior and inferior digestive tracts. Master the formation of superior and inferior respiratory systems.

2 Understand the subdivisions of nasal cavities and their formation. Master the position of frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses and where they open into.

3 Understand the dental formula of deciduous and permanent teeth, as well as their structure. Understand the shape of the tongue and the characteristics of tongue mucous membrane. Understand the position and function of genioglossus. Understand the position, shape and their orifices of parotid gland, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands.

4 Master the subdivision and structural properties of pharynx. Master the conception of pharyngeal isthmus.

Neck

1 Master superficial cervical structures, including external jugular vein, cutaneous nerves and platysma.

2 Master sternocleidomastoid. Know the localization of neck fascia, including investing fascia, pretracheal fascia, prevertebral fascia and carotid sheath. Know the skeleton of larynx. Master the organizational properties of larynx and trachea cavities.

3 Understand the position of trachea and esophagus in the neck region and their neighboring structures.

4 Master the fibrous capsule surrounds thyroid gland. Master the blood supply of thyroid gland. List the structures neighboring thyroid gland. Master the positional

relationship between superior/inferior thyroid arteries and superior/recurrent laryngeal nerves.

5 Master the branches of common carotid artery and external carotid artery. Master internal jugular vein and its tributaries. Master CN X (vagus nerve) and its branches.

6 Master the formation of cervical plexus and its branch. Master the formation and position of brachial plexus.

7 Master the segments of subclavian artery and its branches. Master the position of subclavian vein, its tributaries and its end.

Thorax

1 Understand the organization of skeleton of thoracic wall and its physiological function. Understand the formation of superior thoracic aperture and inferior thoracic aperture. Understand the clinical implications of sternal angle. Know the position as well as their roles of intercostals muscles. Master the morphology and function of diaphragm. Master the structures pass through diaphragm.

2 Know the constitution of pleurae, formation of pleural cavities and recesses. Master the surface anatomy of pleurae and lungs, including cervical pleurae and apices of the lungs and their inferior margin.

3．Master the overall shape of the lungs. Master the conception of root of the lung, hilum of the lung and bronchopulmonary segment. Master the properties of right and left main bronchi.

4．Understand the conception, subdivision and components of mediastinum. Master the distribution of structures within the superior mediastinum. Master aortic arch and its branches.

5．Master the position, shape of the heart in the middle mediastinum. Master the organization of the four chambers of the heart. Master the constitutions of the conducting system of the heart, their position and function. Master the initiation, position, main branches and supply region of left and right coronary arteries. Understand pericardium, pericardial cavity and pericardial sinus.

6 Master thoracic aorta and its branches within the posterior mediastinum. Master the postion of azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, thoracic duct and esophagus.

V Experiment report and Evaluation Methods

Theory exam(closed-book): 70%

Experiment exam :30%

VI time distribution

Syllabus for Human Anatomy（2）

Course code： creditis: 3.0 time：78

I Purpose and Characteristics of the course

Characteristics：basic curriculum of clinical medicine

II Targeted students: medical students in English

III Basic requirements of the course

(A) Task of human anatomy

(B) Methods and requirements of experiments of human anatomy

As human anatomy is a branch of morphology, for the most time during the experiment classes, the students shall be performed carefully. The students are required:

1. to learn to independently observe samples with the help of the textbook, guidance, pictures and teaching aids(including models and samples);

2. to grasp common names of direction and common terms of human anatomy, to familiarize the description method of human anatomy and the features of various systems;

3. to make good use of teaching aids(including pictures, images, samples and model), to understand literal description in the textbook and to distinguish various structures;

5. to learn to keep active the mentality and to reach the “three actives”.

(1) Active thinking: analyze and think more.

(2) Active practice: observe, draw, record and summarize.

(3) Active asking: read, ask and discuss.

IV Contents: as following.

Abdomen

Ⅰ. Abdominal wall

1. Know surface landmarks ，boundaries and regions of the anterior bdominal wall.

2. Master the layers of anterior abdominal wall. Master the arrangements of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. Know the formation and features of sheath of rectus abdominis. Know the blood supply and innervations of the anterior abdominal wall.

3. Master the position, formation of inguinal canal. Master the structures passing through the inguinal canal. Master the boundaries of inguinal triangle.

4.Master the layers of anterolateral abdominal wall.Master the features of the superficial fascia(Camper’s and Scarpa’s fascia),and the formations of external oblique aponeurosis, and the anatomical differences between direct and indirect inguinal hernia.

5. Master the composition of spermatic cord. Know the features and structures of scrotum. Know the location, shape and function of testis and epididymis.

Ⅱ. Abdominal cavity

1. Know the concept of peritoneum and peritoneal cavity. Master the relationship of various organs to their peritoneal covering. Know the structures formed by peritoneum. Master the location of lesser omentum, greater omentum, mesentery, mesoappendix, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, ligaments of liver, omental bursa, omental foramen, and pouches.

2. Know the position of: supracolic and infracolic compartments, paracolic gutters, lesser sac, hepatorenal pouch, subphrenic spaces.

3. Master the location, shape and parts of stomach. Master the relations of the stomach. Master the blood supply and ligaments of the stomach. Master the lymph drainage and nerve supply of the stomach.

4. Know the disposition of the small intestine. Master the location, parts and structures of duodenum,and the suspensory ligament of duodenum,know the relations of the duodenum. Master the differences between jejunum and ileum.

5. Master parts and construction features of large intestine. Master the location of cecum and vermiform appendix, master the projection of body surface margins of its base,understand the common location and clinical significance of vermiform appendix. Master the division and location of colon . Master the blood supply of the large intestine.

6. Master the shape, location, surface markings and important relations of of liver and the position of porta hepatis . master the composition of liver pedicel and position relation of these structures.Understand the lobes and segments of liver..Know the peritoneal ligament of the live.

7. Master the composition of external biliary tracts of liver, master the produced position of bile and discharged way

8.Master the location and division of gallbladder；master the projection of body surface margins of fundus of gallbladder, master the form and contents of Calot's triangle.

9. Master the shape, parts, location and vertebral levels of the pancreas. Know the relations of the pancreas.Know the peritoneal ligament of the spleen.

10. Master the location, general features and surface marking of the kidney. Master the renal structure. Know the concept of renal segments. Master the coverings of the kidney. Master the important relations of the kidneys.

11. Know the location and general features of suprarenal glands.

12. Know the course and relations of ureter in the abdomen. Master the sites of narrowing of ureter.

13. Master the location and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta and their territory. Know the parietal branches of the abdominal aorta. Master the branches and distribution of celiac trunks, superior and inferior mesenteric artery, understand distribution of ovarian artery , renal artery, testicular artery.

14. Master the location and main tributaries of inferior vena cava.

15. Master the formation and tributaries of hepatic portal vein. Master the anastomoses between the hepatic portal vein system and the vena caval system.

16. Know the lymph nodes of the abdomen. Know the formations of nine lymphatic trunks.

17. Know the formation, position and main branches of the lumber plexuses.

18. Master the branches of the vagus nerve in the abdomen. Know the locations of lumber sympathetic trunks.

19. Master the classification and distribution of autonomic nerves.master the lower centers of sympathetic nerve, the composition and location of abdominal sympathetic trunk, and the location of prevertebral ganlia---celiac,aorticorenal ganlia,

20. Know abdominal parasympathetic nerve arises from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks , the location of parasympathetic postganglion .

Pelvis

Ⅰ. Pelvic wall

1. Master the composition, parts and apertures of pelvis. Know the differences according to sex of pelvis. Know the joints, ligaments and muscles of the pelvis.

2. Master the formation of pelvic diaphragm. Know the disposition of the pelvic fascia.

Ⅱ. Pelvis visceral

1. Master the location and shapes or structures of rectum.

2. Master the structures of anal canal.

3. Master the location, shapes or portions of urinary bladder; Know the feature of inner surface of urinary bladder, Master the place of trigone of bladder.

4. Know the shape or structures of prostate.

5. Master the location and ligaments of ovary.

6. Master the location, shapes or potions uterine tubes.

7. Master the location, posture, shapes, portions, and cavity of the uterus; Master the supporting structures or ligaments for the uterus.

8. Know the orifice of vagina and fornix of vagina.

9. Know the course of ductus deferens.

10. Know the location of seminal vesicle.

11. Know the formation and opening of ejaculatory ducts.

12. Master the features of the male and female urethrae.

13. Master the beginning and ending of common iliac a. and v.; Master the beginning and ending of external and internal iliac a. and v.; Know the branch supplying of the internal iliac a.; Master the position relation between uterine a. and ureter.

14. Know the location and branch distributions of sciatic plexuses.

15. Master the locations of pelvic sympathetic trunks, and the branch distributions of sympathetic n. and parasympathetic n. in the pelvis.

16. Know the m. of pelvis.

Sensory Organs

1 know the conception of receptor and its divisions.

2 understanding boundary of bone orbit

3 Eye:

(1) master the coats of eyeball, including formation, structure and function of each coat.

(2) Master the contents of eyeball: structure and function;

(3) Master the circulation of aquesous humor

(4) know eyelid

(5) understanding lacrimal apparatus

(6) Master muscles of eye movement; Master course and distribution of retinal blood vessel.

4 Ear

(1) Know external acoustic meatus, master morphology of tympanic membrane.

(2) Middle ear:

Master tympanic cavity: including six walls of tympanic cavity and structures of each wall.

Know the contents of tympanic cavity

Understand auditory tube and mastoid cells.

(3) Internal ear: master bony labyrinth, and membraneous labyrinth.

(4) Know transmission way of sound

Skull and Vertebrae

1 Know the names and locations of the cranial and facial bones.

2 Master the anatomical characteristics of the skull (anterior view and inferior view) particularly the location of pterion; components of the cranial cavity particularly the communication routes with the outside organs; Component and movement of the temporomandibular joint.

3 Know the structures of the nasal cavity; the location and drainage of the paranasal sinus.

4 Master the common components of a typical vertebra; special features of several special vertebrae; connection among the vertebrae including the disc and the ligaments; movement of the vertebral column and its anatomical basis.

spinal cord

1 Master the location and the external features of the spinal cord; concept of the cauda equine; intra-structure of the spinal cord; sympathetic and parasympathetic components in the spinal cord; location and function of motor neurons.

2 Master the major ascending tracts (fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, spinothalamic tract) and descending tracts (anterior corticospinal tract, lateral corticospinal tract).

Brain stem

1 Master the outline of the brain stem shape; the components of the fourth ventricle.

2 Master the classification of nuclei in the brain stem; location, functions and their association if applies, of the nuclei (e.g. facial nucleus, abducens nucleus, trigeminal nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, EW nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, the nucleus of the solitary tract nucleus, gracile nucleus, cuneate nucleus, pontine nucleus, substantia nigra).

3 Master the content, location, function of the major long-nerve tracts within the brainstem (e.g. the medial lemniscus, trigeminal lemniscus, spinal lemniscus, pyramidal tract); key clinical expression when individual tract is damaged.

Cranial Nerves

1 Master the 7 compositions of the cranial nerve; the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; the sites where they leave or enter the brain.

2 Master the innvervation and functions of the cranial nerves including parasympathetic fiber containing cranial nerve (III, VII, IX and X), the target muscles and central neuronal components of V, VII, X nerves. Understand the location and functions of the cranial sensory ganglia.

3 For details:

(1)The oculomotor nerve: master the components and functions including the ciliary ganglion.

(2) The trigeminal nerve: master the components, the major branches and their innervation fields and trigeminal ganglion.

(3) The facial nerve: master the components, innervation targets, major branches. Understand the functions of the pterygopalatine ganglion and the submandibular ganglion.

(4)The glossopharyngeal nerve:Understand the components, innervation targets. Understand the functions of otic ganglion.

(5) The vagus nerve: master the components, projection routes, major branches and functions.

(6) The accessory and hypoglossal nerves: master the components and innervation.

Cerebellum

Know the external and internal structures, the division and function of the cerebellum.

Diencephalon

Know the division of the diencephalon; the location and function of the nuclei involved in transmission of the specific sensory information; the functions of medial and lateral geniculate body; the division and function of the hypothalamus.

Telencephalon

1 Master general division of the cerebral cortex including the key regions associated with writing, speaking and languages; the components of and functional of the basal ganglia;

2 Know components of lateral ventricle;

3 Know major fiber connections including the association, commissural, and subcortical projection fibers; the compositions of internal capsule and symptoms after injury.

Meninges and cerebral blood vessels

1 Master the components of the meniges; the special structures formed by the dura matter;

2 Master major components of the brain blood supply and components of the cerebral arterial circle; cerebral venous system; the cavernous sinus;

3 Master cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

V Experiment report and Evaluation Methods

Theory exam(closed-book): 70%

Experiment exam :30%

VI time distribution